THE END OF QE2?
By John Mauldin
The Fed committed to buying $600 billion of Treasuries between the beginning of QE2 in November and the end of June. June is 3 months away. What will happen when that buying goes away? The hope when QE2 kicked off was that it would be enough to get the economy rolling, so that further stimulus would not be deemed necessary. We’ll survey how that is working out, with a quick look at some recent data, and then we go back and see what happened the last time the Fed stopped quantitative easing.
First, the guy on the street is getting squeezed. Real US consumer spending slowed in January and looks like it did only marginally better in February. The Fed argues that inflation is mild, as they prefer to look at “core” inflation (inflation without considering food and energy). If you look at it that way, they are right. And in normal times, I can kind of see why we strip out energy and food, as they are very volatile price points and can move a lot from month to month.
But that argument gets a lot weaker when your main policy, that of significant quantitative easing, is perhaps CAUSING the rise in food and energy (as well as weakening the dollar)! If the Fed policy is at least contributing to the cause of total inflation, arguing that food and energy don’t count doesn’t hold water. Let’s look at the following chart from economy.com.
In particular, notice the rise in the last three months since the beginning of QE2. Inflation is running at over 5% on an annualized basis. Companies like Kimberly (diapers, etc.), Colgate, P&G, and others all announced 5-7% price increases this week. These are companies that provide staples we all buy. Those prices matter. Even Wal-Mart will have to pass those increases on. To say that food and energy don’t matter misses the point. These items have real economic impact.
As my friend David Rosenberg wrote this morning:
“In February, there was no inflation at all in average weekly wage-based earnings but there was 0.5% inflation in consumer prices, meaning that real work-related income was crushed 0.5% and has now deflated in each of the past four months and in five of the past six months, during which it has contracted at a 2.3% annual rate. Once the effects of fiscal stimuli wear off, this negative income trend will show through in a much more visible slowing in real consumer spending that we doubt the markets have fully discounted. So far, what has happened in equities has been treated as a financial event – just wait until the economic event follows suit. And it’s not only fiscal stimulus that is soon to subside. We still have that 86% correlation over the past two years between movements in the Fed balance sheet and the direction of the S&P 500 – this too will come home to roost before long, whether or not we end up seeing a resolution to the crises in Japan, Libya or Bahrain.”
He goes on to give us this chart:
How’s that QE2 thingy working for you, Mr./Ms. Average Worker? Prices up, income down? And remember, most workers got the equivalent of a 2% pay hike with the temporary boost in Social Security, which goes away at the end of the year (and without which the economy and consumer spending would be even worse!).
Maybe that’s why New York Fed Chief William Dudley got heckled this week. (Courtesy of the Agora 5 Minute Forecast:)
“Dudley – a 21-year vet of Goldman Sachs – stepped out of his bubble to explain Fed policy to real people in Queens.
“It might not have been the first time Dudley attempted to gain the trust of the hoi polloi, but we’re pretty sure it’ll be the last. The details here were reported widely. We divined the scene from a Reuters report.
“First Dudley swore up and down that inflation was no problem. ‘When was the last time, sir,’ came a reply from the audience, ‘that you went grocery shopping?’”
“Dudley boldly proceeded to explain the concept of ‘core CPI’ – the cost-of-living measure designed for people who don’t eat or consume energy. Heh, we know firsthand how well that goes over…
“Then in a brilliant stroke, he pointed to Apple’s shiny new iPad 2 to illustrate his point. ‘Today you can buy an iPad 2 that costs the same as an iPad 1 that is twice as powerful,’ he gamely explained. ‘You have to look at the prices of all things.’
“‘I can’t eat an iPad,’ someone yelled from the crowd.”
Ouch. (For the record, I do go to the grocery store and Wal-Mart and Home Depot, as well as other less frugal venues.)
And core inflation may soon be under pressure. There were two articles yesterday, one from Yahoo and the other on Bloomberg. Both related to rising pressure on rental costs. (My recent lease renewal increase was significantly above core CPI!) (From http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/rents-could-rise-10-in-some-cities.html)
“Already, rental vacancy rates have dipped below the 10% mark, where they had been lodged for most of the past three years. ‘The demand for rental housing has already started to increase,’ said Peggy Alford, president of Rent.com… By 2012, she predicts the vacancy rate will hover at a mere 5%. And with fewer units on the market, prices will explode.”
Look at this graph showing their projections:
Here’s what to pay attention to. Notice that since 2002 (or thereabouts) rental costs have been flat, and down of late (inflation-adjusted). If Rent.com projections are anywhere close, we could see a rise in rents of 15% by the end of 2012.
Let’s remember that 23% of the CPI and 40% of core CPI is Owner Equivalent Rent. If they are right, that adds about 3% to total CPI and 6% to core CPI! Will the Fed be telling us to focus on core inflation in 12-18 months? And those prices will start to show up steadily.
“This is a sharp change from the recession, when many Americans couldn’t afford to live on their own. More than 1.2 million young adults moved back in with their parents from 2005 to 2010, said Lesley Deutch of John Burns Real Estate Consulting. Many others doubled up together.
“As a result, landlords had to reduce prices and offer big incentives to snag renters. Now that the recession is easing, many of these young people are ready to find new digs, mostly as renters, not owners. Plus, the foreclosure crisis continues unabated, and the millions losing their homes are looking for new places to live.”
Producer Prices Up 35-40% in the Last Six Months
Then let’s look at business. The Producer Price Index was out this week, and it was way up – 1.6% for the month, or an annualized 20%+. Even if you look at the last year, it was up a real 5.8%. That is inflation in the pipeline. Look at this chart from economy.com. Notice the trend since QE2 was announced in August and implemented in November.
I won’t bore you with the details, but for those interested, go to www.bloomberg.com and search for “Japan supply issues” and further on “semiconductors.” It is clear that, at least for a while, prices of electronics and tools are going to rise as one company after another is shutting its production lines down in Japan. Auto manufacturing plants in the US will have to close soon, as critical parts from Japan are not going to be forthcoming. Flat screen TVs? The iPad 2 I keep trying to find? All sorts of companies are going to get their costs squeezed even further. Remember, the above PPI numbers are from before the Japanese earthquake and tsunami and nuclear disaster.
(I was in Tokyo less than two weeks ago. I can’t imagine the stress and anguish going on there. The scope of the disaster is just shattering. I encourage my readers to go to http://american.redcross.org and donate directly to their Japanese fund or the charity of your choice.
A few details from Japan, though, gleaned from here and there. Sony alone makes 10% of the world’s laptop batteries. Japan is responsible for 30% of global flash memory, 20% of semi-conductors, and 40% of electronic components.
The point is that the Fed has created real pressure in the price pipeline, primarily on basic commodities and energy. “Crude” goods, which is basically materials before there is any value added, are up 28% from a year ago and pushing an annualized 35-40% for the last six months. Those costs are filtering in to final finished products. And when you add in the supply-related problems from the recent disaster? It is not a pretty picture for profits.
Let’s go back and look at a graph from friend Vitaliy Katsenelson, from a few weeks ago. It points out that corporate profits are back close to all-time highs as a percentage of GDP.
As the brilliant Jeremy Grantham says, and I am paraphrasing, corporate profits are among the most mean-reverting of all statistics. And this makes sense unless capitalism is broke. High profits entice competitors to come in and take market share by selling for less.
If corporate profits went back (mean-reverted) to their longer-term average, P/E ratios would be close to 24 at today’s prices. Corporations have some room to absorb some price increases, but at the expense of the bottom line.
What Happens When We Come to the End of QE2?
We have only one instance where the Fed cut back on quantitative easing, and that was last year. It is a data set of one, but it is all we have. So, let’s look at what happened. As noted by several sources (but I am looking at Rosie’s list right now), the Fed let its balance sheet contract by some 12% from late April to late August. Quoting:
“Now over that interval …
“The S&P 500 sagged from 1,217 to 1,064….
The S&P 600 small caps fell from 394 to 330….
The best performing equity sectors were telecom services, utilities, consumer staples, and health care. In other words — the defensives. The worst performers were financials, tech, energy, and consumer discretionary….
Baa spreads widened +56bps from 237bps to 296bps…
CRB futures dropped from 279 to 267….
Oil went from $84.30 a barrel to $75.20….
The VIX index jumped from 16.6 to 24.5….
The trade-weighted dollar index (major currencies) firmed to 76.5 from 75.5….
Gold was the commodity that bucked the trend as it acted as a refuge at a time of intensifying economic and financial uncertainty — to $1,235 an ounce from $1,140 and even with a more stable-to-strong U.S. dollar too….
The yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury note plunged to 2.66% from 3.84%…”
What will happen this time around? Is the economy strong enough to grow on its own without stimulus, or strong enough that the Fed will be reluctant to continue with QE3?
My friends at Macroeconomic Advisors have reduced their first-quarter GDP projection to 2.5%. Morgan Stanley has dropped theirs from 4.5% less than six weeks ago to 2.9% today. That is a huge drop in a short time for a forecasting model. Forecasts at other economic shops are being slashed as well. States and local governments, as I have continuously noted, are cutting more than 1% of GDP from their budgets as I write. That translates into real-world pressure on the GDP (even if it’stemporary, which I believe it to be, we live in the present).
I am not ready to use the “R” word, but Muddle Through could show up with a true vengeance this summer, with higher inflation and slower growth. I lived through the ’70s, and frankly, I would just as soon not go see that movie again.
The danger here is that the Fed (Bernanke) watches the economy slow and decides we need another round of quantitative easing. I have resisted that idea but, as I have noted, sometimes we need to think about the unthinkable.
And thus, I come to the end of the letter with a brief note on a very worrisome conversation I had yesterday with Martin Barnes, editor of the esteemed Bank Credit Analyst. Martin is one of the people I call when I want to know what the Fed might do. I guess I was looking for assurance that the Fed would not do QE3. I did not get it.
“Look, John” (insert Scottish brogue as I paraphrase), “if the Fed sees the economy rolling over into recession they will put their mandate for employment ahead of their mandate for stable prices.”
“But that would mean higher inflation in the face of a slow economy.”
“And?” he shot back. “That would just be the price of trying to increase employment, in their minds.”
“But at some point you have to bring out your inner Volker!” I intoned. “What about the future?”
The conversation continued, but I never got my warm and fuzzy assurances. For the record, another round of QE, unless there is a true liquidity crisis (and the last QE did not qualify!), would be a disaster, at least from the cheap seats where I sit. There are all sorts of inflationary and stagflationary consequences, none of which I like.
Brief plug: This April, at my Strategic Investment Conference, the first two questions that each speaker will get at the end of their presentation will be, first, “What will happen when QE2 goes away?” and second, “Under what conditions will the Fed launch QE3?”
I will pose them to Martin Barnes, Marc Faber, Niall Ferguson, Louis-Vincent Gave, Paul McCulley, David Rosenberg, and Gary Shilling – and John Paulson has agreed to speak as well! They will be joined by Neil Howe (The Fourth Turning, and demographics guru) and George Friedman of Stratfor, as well as your humble analyst and Altegris partner Jon Sundt. I mean, really, is there a conference anywhere this year that has a line-up that powerful?
The conference is April 28-30 in La Jolla. It is filling up fast. You can register at https://hedge-fund-conference.com/2011/invitation.aspx?ref=mauldin. Sadly, it is for accredited investors only, but I will report back to you the answers from the speakers to those questions.
London, Malta, Milan, Zurich, Salt Lake, and New York
I am off to London tomorrow. I will be guest hosting Squawk Box on CNBC London at 7 AM (gasp!), then do various meetings, and that night will be with co-author Jonathan Tepper for our book-launch party at the Mint Hotels – Tower of London Hotel, 7 Pepys Street, City of London. If you can, RSVP to .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address) so we can have some idea of how many are coming. I know, last minute and all, but that’s my life!
The next day I fly to Malta for board meetings, then on to Milan for a public presentation, then on to Zug and Zurich, before heading back. The next weekend I am off to Salt Lake for CMG partner Steve Blumenthal’s 50th birthday bash, then to NYC on Sunday for three days of media and meetings. I will update you with the media schedule next Friday, but right now I know I am on Fast Money for the first time on Monday the 4th. That should be interesting. I am a little slower than those guys, but maybe they can slow down for the old man.
The Japanese disaster has gotten to me more than most similar tragedies. Maybe it is because I was there less than a week before the earthquake. Maybe it is the thought of all those elderly people who have lost everything, with no place to go back to, and enduring horrible weather conditions. I have had letters from readers who have friends there, and the stories they relate show a nation that has energy problems, with gas rationing, and that means that trucks have a hard time delivering food. Empty shelves are the norm, and reports of people running out of food keep coming to me.
For whatever reason, it has me thinking about how fragile life is, how short our time is, and how I need to focus on the important things, like family and friends. I do enjoy the business and my work (maybe too much!), but I need to make sure there is balance, as do we all.
The Japanese are a resilient people and will rebound, but they could use our help. Again, think about giving to the Red Cross or your own favorite charity. And let’s pray that they can figure this nuclear thing out soon.
Your getting on yet another airplane analyst,
John Mauldin
“I can’t eat an iPad” LOL
These fat cats are so out of touch with the common man it’s absurd. Thank goodness the average American has absolutely no clue what’s happening to him or her, else Tahrir Square would be replaying itself in Detroit, Cleveland, and every other hard hit city in this country.
QE3 is a virtual certainty. This crisis has taught me that the Fed isn’t in it for us mere mortals, their role is solely to protect the financial interests of the haves, the people with stock wealth, the ones that make money off increases in the price of oil and basic commodities, not the ones who see their budgets gouged by ill thought-out policy decisions. And the gall they have to not even admit their role, as if they’re some innocent bystander!! As an American, I’m mortified at their ignorance; as a trader, I’m licking my chops at whatever direction they go, as if this is really a multiple choice test for our beloved Fed.
Dear Mr Mauldin,
I am a professional money manager in Milan Italy. I understand that you are going to be in Milan for a public presentation. I follow your site and our comments closely, and i would be happy to have the opportunity of meeting you in person. Can I attend?
Regards
Db
When Bennie comes out with QE3, he had better leave then resign and leave the country. I am pretty sure that QE3 will rile up the populace and you will start seeing assaults and violence thrown against the SEC, FED RES and the financials and insurance companies, to say nothing of the yellow bellied politicians.
We are in for MAJOR revolution in the next 3-5 years if QE3 goes.
Need to let the losers die, and yes even if they are big.
I am re-reading “Atlas Shrugged”. It is today’s story. Yeah the bad guy wins. But I am pretty sure there are enough malcontents out there, violence will befall that “winner”. Just like Charlie Sheen, the banksters and Benanke are addicts but in their bubble filled brains they “WINNING”!!!!!
Sone will stop their breathing.
ayn rand is a fool and her principles absolutely contributed to this crisis.
Tpc- what are your thoughts on his analysis?
I agree that the inflationary pressures may be building but I also stand firm that they cannot be passed through, consumers could only handle so much before demand for _____ collapses. There couldn’t be inflation without demand therefore it would seem the market QE3 or not would have to follow suit…
“I agree that the inflationary pressures may be building but I also stand firm that they cannot be passed through”
depends on the company
btw, inflation has a definition: a persistent increase in the price level. fwiw
Sure, but at it’s simplest form it is too many dollars chasing too few goods. Sure prices can spike but it should be short lived, think employment. And yes some companies can more easily pass along the boon to customers but with high consumer debt and low employment explain to me how demand would not further plummet.
all that I am saying that a one-time price increase, however large, is simply a transfer of wealth from buyer to seller. I am not saying whether what we are experiencing is or is not inflation. it had only been a few months, which is why the Fed is waiting to confirm whether this is temporary or not. that is exactly why core inflation is used. this, of course, is not to say that CPI calcs are correctly weighted. i am just saying. more of a semantics thing for me…
assumption of QE3,4,5,…n and negative interest rates are causing hoarding. makes sense. if you rely on an input, the price of which you expect to continue to rise, you buy a bunch and hoard it. too many people extrapolate trends, however. also not saying whether they are wrong. im just putting it out there.
i am obviously ignoring international influences on prices. would love to see a reliable model that depicts such relationships. but i don’t care for macro prognostications in general… its just too hard for me (see below)
more importantly, all consumers are not the same. and all companies are not the same. it all depends on the industry’s situation- think porter’s five forces. and it depends on the company competitive position in that industry and leverage with suppliers, buyers, etc. the ability to “pass through” inflation, or just higher prices, is micro-dependent, if you will.
moreover, when you talk aggregates like unemployment and high consumer debt, etc. you are liable to be painting too broad a picture. not saying that you are wrong b/c i tend to agree with you in theory, but applying such macro analysis to investing- what is really a micro issue- is fraught with complications.
cullen may be able to trade on macro views, but i cannot. and i chose not. a top-down analysis is psuedo math and highly risky… if people think forecasting earnings is tough, try predicting, or even evaluating things like GDP, prices, etc. when the variables probably number in the tens of thousands, many of which are qualitative, and when the relationships between such variables are ALWAYS changing. i mean, GDP changes 8 times before the experts decide on a number. and what goes in those numbers… is another story.
top-down analysis is what you are doing. in such an investing framework, you starts with a global macro evaluation. then you choose the most promising countries. then industries, and only then individual companies. you can be wrong 4 ways- global, country, industry and then company, although steps 1-3 have potential for error, with step 1 having the most. even if you just use country or industry ETFs, you can be wrong 3 ways. and as i mentioned, those ways are sooo tough be be successful at simultaneously.
obviously, when picking companies you should have a clue about the industry and its future, but this is much easier to do bottoms-up than the other way around. as i have noted in many comments before, pricing power is what matters. and pricing power depends on everything but aggregate measures, which are highly presumptuous and apt to turn on a dime.
lets say you are right, and demand is fundamentally deficient at the macro level. wouldn’t you think that, at some point, producers would realize this? if you can’t sell you won’t hoard. and then this “inflation” stops dead in its tracks, all things being equal.
and if you are talking about a bigger monetary base as the stimulus for inflation, cullen has a ton of stuff that talks about, in essence, bank reserve “traps.” if too little demand for loans cant release such reserves in the banking system, the same logic applies to companies. demand can’t “release” the inflation.
fwiw, I am someone who believes in high inflation down the road, but when capacity utilization increases and bernanke finally decides that inflation and/or recovery is there, which i would suspect will be at a time when either/or is way, way back in the rear-view mirror. i just dont think he will react quickly enough.
then again, in times of decreased demand and lowered future expectations for demand, you would think that such “excess capacity” would have been, if not coninuing to be taken off-line. so, inflation may be here, not bc of a recovery, but because of a “recovery” in putting supply better in line with lowered demand. so you could be right. we’ll see. ill be reading my 10Ks in the meantime, trying to figure out what the footnotes mean and how the company will do in 5 or 10 years
But MMT tought us that the goverment is never money constrained and can print all it wants! Q2 is just a drop in the bucket and people are already worried.
We are all chartalists now. Long live MMT.
I agree mostly with your approach. As an individual investor I do not have the resources to have a contrarian theory, place my bet, and wait for the outcome. But…by the same token I do think it is important to be aware of say China’s impending slow down and it’s affect on materials or playing the inflation trade through the miners but being aware of the idea that deflation could be the eventual outcome. Instead of holding what I have because the 850 gold commercials I see a day tell me so.
i noe this, i be out of stocks by june 2011.(and perhaps the U$D..by voluntarily OR
by ‘choice” of new special drawing rights…created to get out and away f/U$D-FED).
creating wars and other diversions will not last…www.costofwar.com
THAT Elephant in the room no one speaks too…
What John Mauldin didn’t explain was how QE2 might be leading to higher food and energy prices. I suspect it is indeed causing it, and its because of the Yuan-dollar peg, but John really needs to fill out his argument properly. Correlation doesn’t equal causation and all that.
QE3 will be dressed up like a pig wearing lipstick, re named and sold to the American people thru the people who benefit from the status quo. Traitors will continue to tell you inflation is not happening, while all the time the dollar falls in value. The cost of living will continue to increase, and wages will decrease. The government will continue to spend recklessly financing the war and butter programs that both enrich the wealthy with profit, and appease the poor with charity.
Inflation isn’t too many dollars chasing too few goods. The store shelves are never bare, and there are in fact “sales” where goods sit and wait for buyers. Inflation is actually an increase in the money supply.
The total stock of land, top soil, water, forests, housing, etc. is little changed over the last few decades. In fact, the top soil, water,available minerals,stored oil, and other measures of real wealth have actually declined. Yet, a house from 1950 may cost 10X as much today. The house didn’t improve 10X but instead the money supply grew.
Credit money (horizontal money) has an imperative where it must grow -it is not sterile because its birth and maintenance requires interest payments. Paying the interest requires new money to enter the supply, and that new money is almost always deficit spend vertical money.
In a balance sheet recession, horizontal money is not being created, and the money supply from this source shrinks. Vertical deficit spend to counter this cycle tends to be mal-invested. Mass psychology also means that previously saved monies (on long end of yield curve) come out of retirement and seek out speculative returns.
Not being in control of the overall money supply is an inherent weakness in our fiat money system. Credit basis for our money creation at the horizontal level is another weakness. Deficit spend without controls at the Vertical level is another weakness, as politicians mal-invest.